By Priyanjana Pramanik, MSc.Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc.Dec 19 2024
Study highlights the effectiveness of meditation in reducing PTSD symptoms, with transcendental meditation delivering the most significant results
In a recent review published in Medicina, researchers compared the effectiveness of various meditation techniques for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
They concluded that while all four techniques effectively reduced symptoms of PTSD, transcendental meditation (TM) was associated with the greatest reductions across all groups studied, indicating its potential for the treatment of this complex condition.
An alternative PTSD treatment
PTSD occurs when trauma overwhelms an individual's ability to recover. Symptoms include hyper-arousal, flashbacks, nightmares, insomnia, and physical signs like increased heart rate and tension. It is often linked to depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and suicide, severely affecting individuals' quality of life and their families.
Approximately 3.9% of the global population experiences PTSD, with a higher prevalence among U.S. veterans and military personnel. Current treatments include medications and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), but many find these approaches ineffective or intolerable.
Pharmaceuticals, while common, are not tailored to cure PTSD and often lack adequate monitoring. CBT approaches like Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) are seen as gold standards but fail to provide sufficient relief for many patients. Emotional discomfort during therapy and barriers like cost, accessibility, and insurance coverage further limit treatment options.
Meditation techniques, particularly Transcendental Meditation (TM) and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), show promise as non-trauma-focused alternatives for PTSD. TM emphasizes a restful, effortless state, while MBSR combines mindfulness and yoga. Meta-analyses reveal these approaches could be effective and tolerable, offering hope for PTSD patients, especially veterans. Further research is needed to explore their full potential.
Effectiveness of meditation techniques
Researchers reviewed 61 studies on the effectiveness of medication in treating PTSD, analyzing data from January 1970 to June 2024. These were grouped into four categories: Transcendental Meditation (TM), Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), Mindfulness-Based Other (MBO), and Other Meditations (OM).
The studies analyzed varied in design, sample size, and characteristics, including trauma type and study duration. Participants averaged 46.8 years old, with 65% being male. PTSD levels ranged from moderate to severe. Implementation data showed high participant engagement: 85% started, 81% completed the program, and 72% completed post-testing.
Effectiveness varied among meditation types. While all categories significantly reduced symptoms of PTSD, substantial heterogeneity existed in outcomes, and prediction intervals further indicated that future results could also vary. TM consistently demonstrated the most effectiveness across a variety of contexts. Conversely, other categories showed small to negligible effects in certain settings.
Researchers conducted a meta-regression to identify factors influencing effectiveness, including participant age, trauma type, and study duration. They found that research quality was comparable across categories, suggesting minimal bias.
Overall, the study highlights meditation as an effective PTSD treatment, with TM being the most impactful method. However, variability in these findings underlines the need for tailored approaches and further research to clarify optimal conditions for each meditation type.
Potential superiority of TM
TM consistently demonstrated larger effects compared to other methods, supported by studies highlighting its promise for PTSD symptom management, particularly in veterans.
Unlike mindfulness techniques that involve focused attention or open monitoring, TM employs "automatic self-transcending," facilitating deep rest and reduced hyperarousal. Researchers also noted that it enhances brain integration without cortical thickening. This unique approach correlates with decreased stress markers, improved neurotransmitter balance, and increased coherence in brain activity.
TM's benefits align with physiological changes like lower heart rates, reduced stress responses, and enhanced parasympathetic activity. Neuroimaging studies link TM to strengthened connectivity within the brain's default mode network, aiding emotional regulation and decision-making.
Conclusion
This comprehensive analysis underscores TM's potential as an evidence-based PTSD treatment while advocating for more nuanced research to optimize meditation-based therapies.
Some limitations of the analysis included small sample sizes and insufficient direct comparisons between meditation techniques. Factors like instructor variability, session environment, and participant engagement remain unexamined. Specifically, detailed data is needed on the regularity of practice and completion and dropout rates.
Despite these challenges, no publication bias was detected, and the study provided extensive data for transparency. Future research should focus on direct comparisons, age-specific effects, and exploring meditation's influence on gene expression. Large-scale clinical trials can test whether TM is more effective than standard protocols currently in place to treat PTSD.
Researchers also recommend the addition of biomarkers measuring transcending, including slowed breathing and reduced responses in spontaneous skin resistance, linking them to decreases in trauma symptoms. These promising avenues of research can lead to the development of more effective PTSD therapies and, potentially, an improved quality of life for those experiencing this complex condition.
Journal reference: Effectiveness of meditation techniques in treating post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orme-Johnson, D.W., Barnes, V.A., Rees, B., Tobin, J., Walton, K.G. Medicina (2024). doi: 10.3390/medicina60122050
https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/12/2050