These days in the contemporary world, agro-entrepreneurship has taken centre stage, especially in the global market.
It comes with innovative farming practices that have emerged and still evolving to cater to the growing demand for alternative proteins and sustainable food sources.
One of the most fascinating developments in this sector is snail farming, also known as heliciculture.
It was gathered that culinary enthusiasts consider snail as a niche or hook. They described it as an agricultural practice that is an embodiment of both lucrative returns and ecological responsibility.
A random public opinion conducted showed that some questions have been agitating the minds of a number of people that have interest in snail farming.
The questions include what it takes to become a successful snail farmer, the mechanics of snail farming, profitability, and everything aspiring farmers need to know about cultivating the gastropods, as well as enquiries by people that have interest in engaging in snail farming in their backyard only for meat production for their families.
Types of snail farming
Snail farming, according to experts, can be classified into three primary types, which are intensive, extensive, and semi-intensive.
The intensive farming involves raising snails under controlled conditions, usually in urban or semi-urban environments. Farmers utilise advanced techniques to regulate factors like temperature, humidity, and nutrition. Intensive farming offers more significant yield potential but requires notable investment in infrastructure and management.
In extensive farming, snails are raised in outdoor conditions, allowing them to roam freely. This method is less resource-intensive but may lead to inconsistent yields due to environmental factors like weather and food availability.
Extensive farms often cultivate snails alongside other crops, contributing to biodiversity.
As the name suggests, this approach is a hybrid of intensive and extensive farming. It combines controlled environments with outdoor systems, which allows for flexibility and potential benefits from both farming techniques.
Research further sowed that semi-intensive farming seeks to create a controlled yet cost-effective farming operation.
Requirements for successful snail farming
Experts advised that before diving headfirst into the world of snail farming, thorough research is imperative.
It was further stated that understanding the biology of snails, optimal farming conditions, and economic factors would form the foundation of a successful venture.
Available educational resources advised aspiring snail farmers to gain insights into best practices for snail husbandry.
One of such insights is that a suitable environment must be created for snails to grow and reproduce.
In the same vein, an effective snail farm requires good layout, including shelter, flooring, and water supply
It was explained that snails require protection from external elements, hence structures need to provide adequate shading and moisture for them. Greenhouses and shaded tents are commonly used.
The ground should be covered with suitable materials like soil or mulch, which aids in moisture retention and provides snails a natural substrate.
Access to clean water is essential, whether from a natural source or through irrigation. Snails need moisture in their environment to thrive.
Initial Investments
Establishing a snail farm can be relatively low-cost compared to traditional livestock farming.
Initial investments focus on infrastructure, farming materials, and obtaining quality starter stock.
Research further revealed that initial investment options for snail farming in Nigeria include small, medium and large-scale helliciculture.
Snail farming can be kicked off with 200 to 500 snails and can be expanded as the farm grows.
A low-cost housing can be provided for the snails, and locally available materials like wood, bamboo, or plastic containers can be used to build snail pens.
Initial investment can range from ₦50,000 to ₦200,000.
On medium-scale snail farming, it was said that this would involve between 1,000 and 5,000 snails. A small-scale snail farm can be expanded to accommodate more snails and increase production.
Snail farmers can also invest in better infrastructure, like concrete or block-built pens.
An initial investment for medium-scale faming can range from ₦200,000 to ₦1milion.
But the large-scale snail farming is all about establishment of a commercial-scale farm with modern infrastructure. It has to do with breeding of 5,000 to 20,000 snails.
An advanced system of automated feeding, watering and climate control systems can be implemented.
But initial investment in large-scale snail farming should be between ₦1million and ₦5million.
Snail species
Educational resources on helliciculture revealed that there are different species of snails. But the best ones for the Nigerian environment, include Achatina Achatina (Giant African Snail), Archachatina Marginata (Giant West African Snail), Achatina Fulica (East African Land Snail),
The Giant African Snail, as gathered, is well-suited for Nigerian environments due to its adaptability and large size, reaching up to 20 centimetres in length. It is said to be a popular choice for snail farming in Nigeria.
The Giant West African Snail is also widely found in Nigeria and is valued for its large size, high meat yield, and resistance to harsh conditions. Experts said it is a good option for farmers looking for high-quality snails.
Also, the East African Land Snail, although smaller than Giant African Snail, grows faster and reproduces more frequently, making it ideal for farmers seeking quicker returns.
Aggregate submissions of materials from workshops and experts is that when choosing a species of snails, farmers should consider factors such as growth rate and maturity period. Achatina Fulica is said to mature faster, while Archachatina Marginata takes longer but produces larger snails.
On climate and adaptability, Achatina Achatina thrives in humid environments, while Archachatina Marginata adapts to varying conditions.
Archachatina Marginata (Giant West African Snail) is highly valued for its meat yield, while Achatina Achatina (Afican Giant Snail) is known for its large size.
The species are well-suited for Nigerian environments and can thrive in various conditions, making them popular choices for snail farming.
Investigation showed that high-quality breeding snails can be purchased from reputable suppliers.
It was further revealed that snail farmers must also invest in nutritious feed and supplements for optimal snail growth, apart from developing a marketing strategy to reach potential customers.
Profitability of snail farming
One of the most appealing aspects of snail farming is its profitability. The global snail market, driven by increased demand for both culinary and medicinal uses, has opened several economic opportunities.
Snails are highly regarded worldwide for their culinary value and are considered a delicacy in various cultures.
For instance, the French delicacy, escargot, represents only a fraction of their culinary uses.
Meanwhile, African and Asian cuisines incorporate snails into traditional dishes.
In addition to culinary applications, snails are gaining traction in pharmacology and cosmetics due to their beneficial slime properties. This has led to an increase in products containing snail mucin, such as skincare formulations.
The average successful snail farmer can expect to yield around 10,000 to 20,000 snails per cycle, which is between six and 12 months, depending on farming methods and management practices.
The current market prices of snails in Nigeria vary, depending on size, quality, and vendor.
A visit to Oje Market in Ibadan, the Oyo State capital, revealed that a large snail is sold for ₦1,400. But in high-class areas, a large snail can go for N4,000.
Processed snails that are ready for cooking can also go for ₦45,000 for 20 pieces of jumbo snails.
For medium size snails, they can go for ₦1,000 per snail, and ₦9,500 for 20 pieces.
It was also discovered that there are processed snails that go for ₦18,000 for 50 pieces of snails, and ₦10,000 per kilogramme of frozen snails.
Farm size, snail species and market demand are also factors that determine profitability in snail farming.
In the category of small-scale farm, which involves 200 to 500 snails, with initial investment of between ₦150,000 and ₦400,000, the net profit per cycle is put between ₦40,000 and ₦300,000, while potential annual profit is also placed at ₦160,000 to ₦1.2million, on assumption of four cycles per year.
For medium-scale farm, comprising a minimum of 1,000, with initial investment of ₦600,000 to over ₦1.8million, monthly earnings were put at ₦500,000 to ₦850,000, while potential annual profit is also placed between ₦6million and ₦10.2million.
Educational resources on snail farming stated further that potential annual earnings on large-scale farm should be $4.4billion from snail farming, with the market worth of over $12billion
In a bid to maximise profits, it was gathered that snail farmers have been considering diversification of products, such as selling snail meat, breeding stock, snail slime and value-added products
They have also been supplying snails to hotels, restaurants, supermarkets and online platforms.
Snail farming, according to experts, requires patience, as snails take six to 12 months to mature.
Slime extraction and its uses
One of the more intriguing aspects of snail farming is the extraction of slime, also known as snail mucin.
The viscous substance has garnered attention for its multiple uses, particularly in the beauty industry.
Extracting snail slime involves creating an environment where snails feel minimal stress, allowing them to secrete mucin naturally.
The process requires proper hydration and temperature control to ensure the snails are comfortable.
Farmers typically use two methods for extracting slime.
The extraction can be done manually or in automated way.
Under manual extraction, snails are gently handled, and their mucin is collected, usually after engaging them with a mild electric stimulus. The method, as gathered, is labour-intensive but compatible with small-scale operations.
But automated system, which is for larger farms, can be employed to extract mucin efficiently. The system maintains environmental control, allows snails to produce slime in a regulated manner, and ensures consistent quality and quantity.
Research revealed that slime possesses remarkable properties due to its rich composition, which includes glycoproteins, hyaluronic acid, and glycolic acid.
Its applications span several fields, including cosmetics, medicine, nutraceuticals, culinary delight, and nutritional value.
As an ingredient in skincare products, snail mucin is reputed for its hydrating and anti-aging properties. Brands manufacturing creams, serums, and masks often use it to enhance product efficacy.
The medicinal potential of snail mucin extends to wound healing and skin repair. Research indicates that mucin may speed up recovery time for injuries and promote cell regeneration.
On nutraceuticals, snail mucin is packed with nutrients and may also be used as a dietary supplement.
Snail meat is not only considered a delicacy but also offers numerous health benefits, as it is high in protein, low in fat, and contains essential vitamins and minerals.
Research also revealed that 100-gramme portion of edible snail meat can provide around 16 grammes of protein, making it an excellent alternative to traditional meat sources.
Moreover, snail meat contains vitamins (B12, B2) and minerals (iron, magnesium), which contribute to a balanced diet.
There's considerable variety in how snail meat can be prepared, ranging from grilling to braising. Unique dishes can be crafted using locally sourced ingredients, and their versatility can attract a diverse consumer base.
Feeding of snails
Proper nutrition is crucial for snail farming success. These animals are herbivores; therefore, their diet consists largely of plant materials.
A balanced diet for snails includes leafy green, fruits and vegetables, and supplemental minerals
Leaves of lettuce, cabbage, and dandelion greens are popular choices. The foods are high in moisture and provide vital nutrients.
Apples, carrots, and cucumbers also supply hydration and necessary sugars.
It was also gathered that calcium is vital for shell development for snails.
Snail diseases and prevention
Despite their resilience, snails can fall victim to various diseases and parasites.
Common ailments affecting snails include shell rot, worm infestation, as well as bacterial and fungal infections.
Shell rot has to do with conditions that appear as soft or decayed patches on the shell, often caused by excessive moisture.
Snails can also be hosts to various parasites that affect their health and growth.
Poor living conditions can also lead to infections that compromise snail health.
In a bid to ensure hygiene and sanitation, regularly cleaning of the farming environment has been suggested to help eliminate potential pathogens and reduce disease risk.
Practising and prospective snail farmers have also been advised to ensure proper spacing in order to avoid overcrowding, which can enhance the spread of diseases.
Regular checks were also suggested on the health of the snails with a view to helping in catching diseases early and prevent major outbreaks.
Perspectives from snail farmers
The shift towards snail farming is set against a backdrop of changing consumer preferences, shifting protein sources, and ecological consciousness. Interviews with snail farmers revealed a common narrative.
Biggest Challenge of Helliciculture
Chinedu Joshua Eluwa is the founder The Portable Farm, Onitsha, Anambra State. The farm specialises in breeding and selling of grass-cutters and snails.
He told this reporter that to succeed in snail farming, a farmer must put three things in place, which are a calm and secure environment, healthy breeder stock, and proper feeding.
His words: "Snails need well-drained loamy soil, shade to keep moisture, and protection from predators. Starting with strong breeders rather than wild snails gives better growth and survival.
"The biggest challenges are predators like ants and rats, harsh weather, and the slow growth cycle of snails.
"Farmers can overcome the challenges by building escape-proof pens, regulating moisture, and being patient because snail farming is not a quick money venture.
"With good management and market planning, snail farming can become a highly profitable agribusiness in Nigeria."
Breeding snails for family consumption
The founder of The Portable Farm, Onitsha, Eluwa has counsel for families that want to raise snails mainly for meat.
"My advice is to start small and keep it simple. Snails don't require much space. You can set up a small pen in your backyard with moist loamy soil and shade.
"Feed them with kitchen vegetables, fruits, and peels, and always keep the environment clean and slightly humid.
"Snails multiply well. So, a small stock can grow into enough to feed a household within a year.
"The key is patience, consistency in care, and protecting them from ants and other predators. With just a little effort, families can enjoy fresh, nutritious, and home-raised snail meat without always buying from the market," Eluwa stated.
He stated further that the minimum amount to start snail farming really depends on the scale.
"For a small backyard project, a family can begin with as little as ₦20,000 to ₦50,000, using a simple pen and a handful of breeders.
"For a small commercial venture, setting aside ₦150,000 to ₦300,000 is more realistic, as this covers proper housing, soil preparation, and stocking with quality breeders.